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Diabetes mellitus is
a medical disorder characterized by varying or persistent
hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels), especially after
eating. All types of diabetes mellitus share similar
symptoms and complications at advanced stages. Hyperglycemia
itself can lead to dehydration and ketoacidosis. Longer-term
complications include cardiovascular disease (doubled risk),
chronic renal failure (it is the main cause for dialysis),
retinal damage which can lead to blindness, nerve damage
which can lead to erectile dysfunction (impotence), gangrene
with risk of amputation of toes, feet, and even legs.
Serious complications are much less common in people who
control their blood sugars well with their lifestyle and
medications.
The most important forms of diabetes are due to decreased or
ceased production of insulin (type 1 diabetes), or decreased
sensitivity of body tissues to insulin often combined with
decreased production of insulin (type 2 diabetes, the more
common form). The former almost always requires insulin
injections for survival; the latter is generally managed
with diet, weight reduction and exercise in about 20% of
cases, though the majority require these strategies plus
oral medication (insulin is used if the tablets are, or have
become, ineffective, or if the side effects become
intolerable).
Patient understanding and participation is vital, as blood
glucose levels change continuously. Treatments that return
the blood sugar to normal levels can reduce or prevent
development of the complications of diabetes. Other health
problems that accelerate the damaging effects of diabetes
are smoking, elevated cholesterol levels, obesity, high
blood pressure, and lack of regular exercise.Etymology
The word diabetes was coined
by Aretaeus (81–133 CE) of Cappadocia. The word is taken
from Greek diabaínein, and literally means "passing
through", or "siphon", a reference to one of the diabetes
major symptoms of excessive urine discharge. The word became
"diabetes" from the English adoption of the medieval Latin
diabetes. In 1675 Thomas Willis added mellitus to the name
(Greek mel, "honey", sense "honey sweet") when he noted that
a diabetic's urine and blood has a sweet taste (first
noticed by ancient Indians). In 1776 it was confirmed the
sweet taste was because of an excess of sugar in the urine
and blood.
The ancient Chinese tested for diabetes by observing whether
ants were attracted to a person's urine, and called the
ailment "sweet urine disease" (糖尿病); medieval European
doctors tested for it by tasting the urine themselves, a
scene occasionally depicted in Gothic reliefs.
Passing abnormal amounts of urine is a symptom shared by
several diseases (most commonly of the kidneys), and the
single word diabetes is applied to many of them. The most
common of them are diabetes insipidus and the subject of
this article, diabetes mellitus.
History
Although diabetes has been
recognized since antiquity, and treatments were known since
the Middle Ages, the elucidation of the pathogenesis of
diabetes occurred mainly in the 20th century6.
The discovery of the role of the pancreas in diabetes is
generally credited to Joseph von Mering and Oskar Minkowski,
two European researchers who in 1889 found that when they
completely removed the pancreas of dogs, the dogs developed
all the signs and symptoms of diabetes and died shortly
afterward. In 1910, Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer of
Edinburgh in Scotland suggested that diabetics were
deficient in a single chemical that was normally produced by
the pancreas — he proposed calling this substance insulin.
Until 23rd June, 1921, when insulin was first discovered and
made clinically available, a clinical diagnosis of what is
now called type 1 diabetes was an invariable death sentence,
more or less quickly.
The endocrine role of the pancreas in metabolism, and indeed
the existence of insulin, was not fully clarified until
1921, when Sir Frederick Grant Banting and Charles Herbert
Best repeated the work of Von Mering and Minkowski, but went
a step further and demonstrated that they could reverse the
induced diabetes in dogs by giving them an extract from the
pancreatic islets of Langerhans of healthy dogs7. They and
their colleagues went on to isolate the hormone insulin from
bovine pancreases at the University of Toronto in Canada.
This led to the availability of an effective treatment —
insulin injections — and the first clinical patient was
treated in 1922. For this, Banting et al received the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1923. The two researchers
made the patent available and did not attempt to control
commercial production. Insulin production and therapy
rapidly spread around the world, largely as a result of
their decision.
The distinction between what is now known as type 1 diabetes
and type 2 diabetes was made by Sir Harold Percival (Harry)
Himsworth in 1935; he published his findings in January 1936
in The Lancet8.Other landmark discoveries6
include:
identification of sulfonylureas in 1942
the radioimmunoassay for insulin, as discovered by Rosalyn
Yalow and Solomon Berson (gaining Yalow the 1977 Nobel Prize
in Physiology or Medicine)
Reaven's introduction of the metabolic syndrome in 1988
identification of thiazolidinediones as effective
antidiabetics in the 1990s
Causes and types
The role of insulin
Since
insulin is the principal hormone that regulates uptake of
glucose into most cells (primarily muscle and fat cells, but
not central nervous sytem cells) from the blood, deficiency
of insulin or its action plays a central role in all forms
of diabetes.
Most of the carbohydrates in food are rapidly converted to
glucose, the principal sugar in blood. Insulin is produced
by beta cells in the pancreas in response to rising levels
of glucose in the blood, as occurs after a meal. Insulin
makes it possible for most body tissues to remove glucose
from the blood for use as fuel, for conversion to other
needed molecules, or for storage. Insulin is also the
principal control signal for conversion of glucose (the
basic sugar unit) to glycogen for storage in liver and
muscle cells. Lowered insulin levels result in the reverse
conversion of glycogen to glucose when glucose levels fall —
though only glucose so produced in the liver goes into the
blood. Higher insulin levels increase many anabolic
("building up") processes such as cell growth, cellular
protein synthesis, and fat storage. Insulin is the principal
signal in converting many of the bidirectional processes of
metabolism from a catabolic to an anabolic direction.
If the amount of insulin available is insufficient, if cells
respond poorly to the effects of insulin (insulin
insensitivity or resistance), or if the insulin itself is
defective, glucose is not handled properly by body cells
(about 2/3 require it) or stored appropriately in the liver
and muscles. The net effect is persistent high levels of
blood glucose, poor protein synthesis, and other metabolic
derangements.
Types
Type 1
Type 1 diabetes (formerly
known as insulin-dependent diabetes, childhood diabetes, or
juvenile-onset diabetes) is most commonly diagnosed in
children and adolescents, but can occur in adults, as well.
It is characterized by β-cell destruction, which usually
leads to an absolute deficiency of insulin. Most cases of
type 1 diabetes are immune-mediated characterized by
autoimmune destruction of the body's β-cells in the Islets
of Langerhans of the pancreas, destroying them or damaging
them sufficiently to reduce insulin production. However,
some forms of type 1 diabetes are characterized by loss of
the body's β-cells without evidence of autoimmunity.
Currently, type 1 diabetes is treated with insulin
injections, lifestyle adjustments, and careful monitoring of
blood glucose levels using blood test kits. Insulin delivery
is also possible via an insulin pump, which allows the
infusion of insulin 24 hours a day at preset levels, and the
ability to program push doses (bolus) of insulin as needed
at meal times, though at the expense of an indwelling
subcutaneous catheter. Treatment must be continued
indefinitely. Treatment does not impair normal activities if
carried out systematically with discipline. The average
glucose level for the type I diabetic patient should be as
close to normal (80-120 mg/dl) as possible. Many type 1
patients target the 110 mg/dl–140 mg/dl range if possible.
Some physicians suggest up to 150 mg/dl for those having
trouble with lower values. Values above 200 mg/dl are often
accompanied by discomfort and frequent urination leading to
dehydration. Values above 300 mg/dl require immediate
treatment and may lead to ketoacidosis.
Type 2
In type 2 diabetes insulin
levels are initially normal or elevated, later falling, but
peripheral tissues are no longer/ less responsive to insulin
"insulin resistance," (i.e., body cells do not respond
appropriately when insulin is present). Hence drugs like "Metformin"
are given to decrease the response threshold to insulin.
Type 2 diabetes is a more complex problem than type 1 but is
often easier to treat, since insulin is still produced,
especially in the initial years. Type 2 diabetes may go
unnoticed for years in a patient before diagnosis, since the
symptoms are typically milder (no ketoacidosis) and can be
sporadic. However, severe complications can result from
unnoticed type 2 diabetes, including renal failure and
coronary artery disease.
Type 2 diabetes is initially treated by changes in physical
activity, diet and through weight loss. This can restore
insulin sensitivity, even when the weight lost is modest,
e.g., around 5 kg (10 to 15 lb). The next step, if
necessary, is treatment with oral antidiabetic drugs: the
sulphonylureas, metformin, or thiazolidinediones. If these
fail, insulin therapy may be necessary to maintain normal
glucose levels. For patients with diabetes, a disciplined
regimen of blood glucose checks is required.
For both types of diabetes, there is good evidence that
maintaining normal blood glucose levels reduces the
incidence of organ damage due to diabetes (eyesight,
kidneys, circulation, etc.). This may require blood glucose
testing several times per day, and careful supervision of
food intake and exercise.
Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes
mellitus appears in
about 2%–5% of all
pregnancies. It is temporary and fully treatable, but,
if untreated, it may cause problems with the pregnancy,
including
macrosomia (high birth weight) of the child. It requires
careful medical supervision during the pregnancy. In
addition, about 20%–50% of these women go on to develop type
2 diabetes.
Other types
There are several causes of
diabetes that do not fit into type 1, type 2, or gestational
diabetes:
- Genetic defects in beta
cells
- Genetically-related
insulin resistance
- Diseases of the pancreas
- Hormonal defects
- Chemicals or drugs.
"Malnutrition-related
diabetes mellitus" (MRDM or MMDM) was introduced by the WHO
as the third major category of diabetes in the 1980s.
However, in 1999, a WHO working group recommended that MRDM
be deprecated, and proposed a new taxonomy for alternative
forms of diabetes. Classification of non-type 1, non-type 2,
non-gestational diabetes remains controversial.
Genetics
Both type
1 and type 2 diabetes are at least partly inherited. Type 1
diabetes appears to be triggered by some infection types,
stress, or environmental factors (e.g., exposure to a
causative agent). There is a genetic element in the
susceptibility of individuals to some of these triggers
which has been traced to particular HLA genotypes (i.e.,
genetic "self" identifiers used by the immune system).
However, even in those who have inherited the
susceptibility, type 1 diabetes mellitus seems to require an
environmental trigger. A small proportion of type 1
diabetics carry a mutated gene that causes maturity onset
diabetes of the young (MODY).
There is an even stronger inheritance pattern for type 2
diabetes: those with type 2 ancestors or relatives have very
much higher chances of developing type 2. Concordance among
monozygotic twins is close to 100%, and 25% of those with
the disease have a family history of diabetes. It is also
often connected to obesity, which is found in approximately
85% of (North American) patients diagnosed with that form of
the disease, so some experts believe that inheriting a
tendency toward obesity seems also to contribute. However,
without regard to any genetic predisposition, many experts
believe that lifestyle factors (lack of exercise, poor diet,
etc.) are the greatest contributors to the development of
type 2 diabetes, and that stringent weight control in
persons with a genetic predisposition will go far in
preventing the disease and its consequences. Age is also
thought to be a contributing factor, as most type 2 patients
in the past were older. The exact reasons for these any of
these connections are unknown.
Diagnosis
Signs and symptoms
Both type 1 and type 2
diabetes are at least partly inherited. Type 1 diabetes
appears to be triggered by some infection types, stress, or
environmental factors (e.g., exposure to a causative agent).
There is a genetic element in the susceptibility of
individuals to some of these triggers which has been traced
to particular HLA genotypes (i.e., genetic "self"
identifiers used by the immune system). However, even in
those who have inherited the susceptibility, type 1 diabetes
mellitus seems to require an environmental trigger. A small
proportion of type 1 diabetics carry a mutated gene that
causes maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY).
There is an even stronger inheritance pattern for type 2
diabetes: those with type 2 ancestors or relatives have very
much higher chances of developing type 2. Concordance among
monozygotic twins is close to 100%, and 25% of those with
the disease have a family history of diabetes. It is also
often connected to obesity, which is found in approximately
85% of (North American) patients diagnosed with that form of
the disease, so some experts believe that inheriting a
tendency toward obesity seems also to contribute. However,
without regard to any genetic predisposition, many experts
believe that lifestyle factors (lack of exercise, poor diet,
etc.) are the greatest contributors to the development of
type 2 diabetes, and that stringent weight control in
persons with a genetic predisposition will go far in
preventing the disease and its consequences. Age is also
thought to be a contributing factor, as most type 2 patients
in the past were older. The exact reasons for these any of
these connections are unknown.
Diagnostic approach
The diagnosis of type 1
diabetes and many cases of type 2 is usually prompted by
recent-onset symptoms of excessive urination (polyuria)
and excessive thirst (polydipsia),
often accompanied by weight loss. These symptoms typically
worsen over days to weeks; about 25% of people with new type
1 diabetes have developed a degree of
diabetic ketoacidosis by the time the diabetes is
recognized.
The diagnosis of other types
of diabetes is made in many other ways. The most common are
(1) health screening, (2) detection of hyperglycemia when a
doctor is investigating a complication of longstanding,
unrecognized diabetes, and (3) new signs and symptoms
attributable to the diabetes.
- Diabetes screening is
recommended for many types of people at various stages of
life or with several different risk factors. The screening
test varies according to circumstances and local policy
and may be a random glucose, a fasting glucose and
insulin, a glucose two hours after 75 g of glucose, or a
formal
glucose tolerance test. Many healthcare providers
recommend universal screening for adults at age 40 or 50,
and sometimes occasionally thereafter. Earlier screening
is recommended for those with risk factors such as
obesity, family history of diabetes, high-risk
ethnicity (Hispanic [Latin American], American Indian,
African American, Pacific Island, and South Asian
ancestry).
- Many medical conditions
are associated with a higher risk of various types of
diabetes and warrant screening. A partial list includes:
high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol levels, coronary
artery disease, past gestational diabetes, polycystic
ovary syndrome, chronic pancreatitis, hepatic steatosis
(fatty liver), cystic fibrosis, several mitochondrial
neuropathies and myopathies, myotonic dystrophy,
Friedreich's ataxia, some of the inherited forms of
neonatal hyperinsulinism, and many others. Risk of
diabetes is higher with chronic use of several
medications, including high-dose glucocorticoids, some
chemotherapy agents (especially L-asparaginase), and some
of the antipsychotics and mood stabilizers (especially
phenothiazines and some atypical antipsychotics).
- Many medical conditions
are associated with a higher risk of various types of
diabetes and warrant screening. A partial list includes:
high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol levels, coronary
artery disease, past gestational diabetes, polycystic
ovary syndrome, chronic pancreatitis, hepatic steatosis
(fatty liver), cystic fibrosis, several mitochondrial
neuropathies and myopathies, myotonic dystrophy,
Friedreich's ataxia, some of the inherited forms of
neonatal hyperinsulinism, and many others. Risk of
diabetes is higher with chronic use of several
medications, including high-dose glucocorticoids, some
chemotherapy agents (especially L-asparaginase), and some
of the antipsychotics and mood stabilizers (especially
phenothiazines and some atypical antipsychotics).
Criteria for diagnosis
Diabetes mellitus is
characterized by recurrent or persistent hyperglycemia, and
is diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following:
- fasting plasma glucose
level at or above 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL)
- plasma glucose at or
above 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) two hours after a 75 g oral
glucose load
- random plasma glucose at
or above 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL).
A positive result should be
confirmed by any of the above-listed methods on a different
day, unless there is no doubt as to the presence of
significantly-elevated glucose levels. Most physicians
prefer measuring a fasting glucose level because of the ease
of measurement and time commitment of formal glucose
tolerance testing, which can take two hours to complete. By
definition, two fasting glucose measurements above 126 mg/dL
is considered diagnostic for diabetes mellitus.
Patients with fasting blood
sugars between 100 and 125 mg/dL are considered to have
"impaired fasting glucose," and patients with plasma glucose
at or above 140-199 mg/dL two hours after a 75 g oral
glucose load are considered to have "impaired glucose
tolerance". "Prediabetes" is either impaired fasting gluose
or impaired glucose tolerance; it is a major risk factor for
progression to full-blown diabetes mellitus as well as
cardiovascular disease.
While not used for
diagnosis, an elevated glucose bound to hemoglobin, HbA1c,
of 6.0% or higher (2003 revised U.S. standard) is considered
abnormal by most labs; HbA1c is primarily a
treatment-tracking test reflecting average blood glucose
levels over the preceding 90 days (approximately). However,
some physicians may order this test at the time of diagnosis
to track changes over time. The current recommended goal for
HbA1c in patients with diabetes is <7.0%, as defined as
"good glycemic control," although some guidelines are
stricter(<6.5%). People with diabetes that have HbA1c levels
below goal have a significantly lower incidence of
complications from diabetes, including retinopathy and
diabetic nephropathy.
Glucose Monitoring
Control and outcomes are
diabetes is improved by patients using
glucose meters to regularly measure their
glucose levels regardless of type of diabetes.
In all cases, glucose
monitoring is expensive (largely due to the cost of the
consumable test strips), and the expense is justifiable only
if the patient actually discusses the results with his/her
physician or other diabetes health professional who may
recommend that he/she use the values to adjust food,
exercise, and oral medications or insulin.
Diabetic ketoacidosis and
coma
- See more detail in the
articles
diabetic ketoacidosis and
diabetic coma
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
is an acute, dangerous complication and is always a medical
emergency. On presentation at hospital, the patient in DKA
is typically dehydrated and breathing both fast and deeply.
Abdominal pain is common and may be severe. The level of
consciousness is normal until late in the process, when
lethargy (dulled or reduced level of alertness or
consciousness) may progress to coma. The ketoacidosis can
become severe enough to cause hypotension and shock. Prompt
proper treatment usually results in full recovery, though
death can result from inadequate treatment, delayed
treatment or from a variety of complications. It is much
more common in type 1 diabetics than type 2, but can still
occur in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Hyperosmotic diabetic coma is another acute problem
associated with diabetes mellitus. It has many symptoms in
common with DKA, but a different cause, and requires
different treatment. In anyone with very high blood glucose
levels (usually considered to be above 16.6 mmol/l [300
mg/dl]), water will be osmotically driven out of cells into
the blood. The kidneys will also be "dumping" glucose into
the urine, resulting in concomitant loss of water, causing
an increase in blood osmolality. If the fluid is not
replaced (by mouth or intravenously), the osmotic effect of
high glucose levels combined with the loss of water will
eventually result in such a high serum osmolality
(dehydration). The body's cells may become progressively
dehydrated as water is drawn out from them and excreted.
Electrolyte imbalances are also common. This combination of
changes, especially if prolonged, will result in symptoms of
lethargy (dulled or reduced level of alertness or
consciousness) and may progress to coma. As with DKA urgent
medical treatment is necessary, especially volume
replacement. This is the diabetic coma which more commmonly
occurs in type 2 diabetics; it is less common in type 1
diabetes.
Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia
in patients with diabetes almost always arises as a result
of poor control of the disease, either from too much or
poorly timed insulin or oral hypoglycemics or too much
exercise, not enough food, or poor timing of either. If
blood glucose levels are low enough, the patient may become
agitated, sweaty, and have many symptoms of
sympathetic activation of the autonomic nervous
system—they may experience feelings similar to dread and
immobilized panic. Consciousness can be altered, or even
lost, in extreme cases, leading to coma and/or
seizures or even brain damage and death. Those
experienced with their diabetes can often recognize the
symptoms early on—all with diabetes should carry something
sugary to eat or drink as these symptoms can be rapidly
reduced if treated early enough. In the case of children,
this can be a type of candy disliked by the patient, to
prevent concerns about non-emergency use.
Other ways of treating
hypoglycemia include an intra muscular injection of glucagon, which causes the liver to convert its internal
stores of glycogen to be released as glucose into the blood.
This cannot be repeated until after the next meal, as once
the liver glycogen stores have been mobilized they will no
longer be available until replenished. Oral or intravenous
dextrose can also be given. In most cases recovery is rapid
and trouble free. Longstanding hypoglycemia may require
hospital admission to allow supervised recovery and
adjustment of diabetic medications.
Long-term complications
Among the major risks of the
disorder are chronic problems affecting multiple organ
systems which will eventually arise in patients with poor
glycemic control. Many of these arise from damage to the
blood vessels. These illnesses can be divided into those
arising from large blood vessel disease, macroangiopathy,
and those arising from small blood vessel disease,
microangiopathy. Interestingly, small vessel disease is
minimized by tight blood glucose control, but large vessel
disease is unaffected by tight blood glucose control.
- Small vessel disease
complications:
Proliferative retinopathy and macular edema, which can
lead to severe vision loss or blindness
Peripheral neuropathy, which, particularly when combined
with damaged blood vessels, can lead to foot ulcers and
possibly progressing to necrosis, infection and gangrene,
sometimes requiring limb amputation, see below
Diabetic nephropathy (due to microangiopathy) which can
lead to renal failure
Large vessel disease
complications:
Ischemic heart disease
caused by both large and small vessel disease
Stroke
Peripheral vascular disease, which contributes to foot
ulcers and the risk of amputation
Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of adult kidney
failure worldwide. It also the most common cause of
amputation in the U.S., usually toes and feet, often as a
result of gangrene, and almost always as a result of
peripheral vascular disease. Retinal damage (from
microangiopathy) makes it the most common cause of blindness
among non-elderly adults in the U.S. A number of studies
have found that those with diabetes are more at risk for dry
eye syndrome. Advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs)
are believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of
angiopathy resulting from diabetes mellitus.
In Januay 2006 research
suggested that CBD,
one of
cannabis's active substances, may reduce cell death in the
eyes of diabetic patients.
Management of the disease
- Main article:
Diabetes management
Diabetes is a chronic disease
with treatment but no cure as of 2006. Management of this
disease may include lifestyle modifications such as
achieving and maintaining proper weight, diet, exercise and
foot care. Additionally, it may involve the use of oral
medications or insulin therapy. In the case of type 1,
insulin therapy is generally required.
In addition, self-monitoring via self-administered glucose
testing using a glucose monitor is an essential element of
any diabetes management program. The success in management
can be monitored by measuring the proportion of the HbA1c
variant of hemoglobin, or less commonly the Fructosamine
test.
Curing diabetes
A disease consisting of the
failure of a single organ (type 1 diabetes, the Islets of
Langerhans) with a relatively simple function, points at the
cure. Type 2 diabetes is more complex and difficult, but
increasing physical activity and correcting body mass may be
very helpful.
Biological
The most obvious approach is
to replace the failed organ with more islet cells. A
transplant of exogenous cells will provoke an immune
reaction; this is not yet practical. Research continues and
hopefully will be available to be offered to those with
diabetes in the future.
Mechanical
A microscopic or
nanotechnological approach, with implanted stores of insulin
metered out by a rapidly sensitive glucose measure -
closed-loop insulin pump, would be very useful, but is
currently beyond available technology.
Public health, policy and
health economics
The
Declaration of St Vincent was the result of
international efforts to improve the care accorded to those
with diabetes. Doing so is important if only economically.
Diabetes is enormously expensive for healthcare systems and
governments. In North America it is the largest single
non-traumatic cause in adults of amputation, blindness, and
dialysis, all extremely expensive events.
Work in the Puget Sound area
of North America (by the health organization Group Health)
shows that, over its large and varied patient population,
specially retaining medical information on diabetic
patients, keeping it up to date, and basing their continuing
care on that data reduced total healthcare costs for those
patients by US$1000 per year per patient for the rest of
life. Recognition of this reality drove the Hawkes Bay
initiative which established such a system, and resulted in
various activities throughout the world including the Black
Sea Telediab project, which produced elements of a
distributed diabetic record and management system as an
open source computer program.
Some researchers believe
breast-feeding may protect children from developing
diabetes. Research published in
JAMA in November 2005 also suggests that
breast-feeding might also be correlated with the prevention
of the disease in mothers. The study found that the women's
risk of developing diabetes was reduced the longer they
nursed.
Statistics
In 2006, according to the
World Health Organization, at least 171 million people
worldwide suffer from diabetes. Its incidence is increasing
rapidly, and it is estimated that by the year 2030, this
number will double. Diabetes mellitus occurs throughout the
world, but is more common (especially type 2) in the more
developed countries. The greatest increase in prevalence is,
however, expected to occur in Asia and Africa, where most of
the diabetic patients will be seen by 2030. The increase in
incidence of diabetes in the developing countries follows
the trend of urbanization and lifestyle changes.
Diabetes is in the top 10,
and perhaps the top 5, of the most significant diseases in
the developed world, and is gaining in significance (see
big killers).
For at least 20 years,
diabetes rates in North America have been increasing
substantially. In 2005 there are about 20.8 million people
with diabetes in the United States alone. According to the
American Diabetes Association, there are about 6.2 million
people undiagnosed and about 41 million people that would be
considered prediabetic. The Centers for Disease Control has
termed the change an epidemic. The National Diabetes
Information Clearinghouse estimates that diabetes costs $132
billion in the United States alone every year. About 5%–10%
of these cases of diabetes are type 1 diabetics. The
fraction of type 1 diabetics in other parts of the world
differs; this is likely due to both differences in the rate
of type 1 and differences in the rate of other types, most
prominently type 2. Most of this difference is not currently
understood.
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